FD#5

Natalie Weber

Professor Shimabukuro

ENG 200

May 6 2019

A Modern Interpretation of the American Dream

The American Dream is regarded as a defining characteristic of society in the United States. This idea of equal opportunity is supported by The Declaration of Independence, which states “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.” The founding fathers of the United States of America published this statement, putting into law the revolutionary idea that an individual’s pursuit of self-rewarding success results in ambition. The combination of these ambitious individuals created a society that supports and advocates economic advancement in pursuit of a better life. In the modern world, several centuries after the founding fathers, the country continues to be regarded as a land of equal opportunity. However, there are several political and economic complications in modern society that affect the American Dream. [THESIS] The 20th/21st century American Dream is less of a “dream,” and more of a competition, with worse consequences for failure to achieve this dream than ever before. [THESIS]

Sixto Rodriguez is an example of the consequences of a failed American Dream. Rodriguez was an aspiring rockstar from Detroit, Michigan who never attained the recognition he deserved for his musical talent in America. He released his first two albums, Cold Fact (1970) and Coming from Reality (1971) with Sussex records. Rodriquez seemingly had all the attributes for a successful musical career. He was recognizably talented, lyrically and musically, he was working under a successful record label, and he was creating music alongside some of the most famous producers at the time. Coming from Reality was anticipated to be one of the best albums of the decade. However, the album experienced no success following its release. Rodriguez reportedly sold less than 50 copies.

Following the album’s failure, Rodriguez retreated into the mediocre life of a struggling working-class citizen. It was unbeknownst to him that one of his album copies had found its way to South Africa, where it achieved outstanding reviews. In South Africa Rodriguez was regarded as one of the greatest rockstars of the century. This inspired Stephen Segerman, “Sugar Man,” to find out what ever happened to Rodriguez, the man who had all the potential but experienced no success. In the film Searching for Sugar Man (2012) Segerman discusses the search for Rodriguez “While it is still a bit of a mystery how the first copy of Cold Fact actually came to South Africa but it spread very quickly. To many of us South Africans he was the soundtrack to our lives. But nobody knew anything about him. He was a mystery,” (Sugar Man, 2012).

Rodriguez’ music gives an insight into his experience of the American Dream. Songs like “‘Cause,” illustrate his struggles as a working class citizen. “I lost my job two weeks before Christmas, and I talked to Jesus at the sewer, and the Pope said it was none of his goddamned business,” (Coming from Reality, Rodriguez 1971).

Rodriguez’s experience is very familiar to me. My mother comes from an immigrant family who has experienced several different sides of the American Dream. In the 1960s, my grandfather and his siblings immigrated from Cuba to Florida. Each of their pursuits of the American Dream carried them through different career paths and economic standings in the USA. While some experienced success, others experienced failure. My grandfather was very practical in his pursuit of the American Dream and followed statistics and realistic goals to achieve success. In contrast, my great uncle followed his intuition and artistic passion. Similar to Rodriguez, he had a hard time experiencing success as a result of his artistic endeavors. My great uncle struggled much more throughout his artistic pursuit of the American Dream than my grandfather did via practical pursuit.

I believe this comparison between my grandfather and great uncle is an excellent example of the evolution of the American Dream. Pragmatic approaches to achieving one’s goals are statistically more successful than idealistic strategies. One would assume that a concept titled with the word “dream,” would include successful outcomes for artistic romantics, yet this is rarely the case. Many visionaries struggle to achieve the American Dream due to increased competition, limited resources, and bad luck.

In comparison to Rodriguez, I would describe myself as a realistic visionary. Although I enjoy fantasizing and believing in abstract goals, I understand there is concrete proof that lies in statistics and reality. I believe I am a combination of both Rodriguez and reality. I understand that I have many talents, but I simultaneously recognize that many others possess the same characteristics.

When I was younger I wanted to be a professional surfer and surf photographer. I would spend countless hours in the water, perfecting my athletic skills and camera knowledge. At around the age of fifteen, I came to the bittersweet realization that many other young adults aspired to do the same. I understood that my dreams were attainable but my success rate was relatively low. I decided to pursue other alternatives and maintain my water activities as hobbies. To this day I continue to pursue my passions and spend most of my free time enjoying and photographing nature. In addition, I dedicate the majority of my life to academics and work. Although I wish I could have carried out my artistic dreams successfully, I understand that not everyone is so lucky. Similar to Rodriguez I have a practical life outside of my artistic pursuits. Unlike Rodriguez, I am dedicating more time to my practical reality than my artistic dream.

I currently go to school full time in pursuit of a degree in Industrial-Organizational Psychology. I spend most of my free time studying, exploring the world, and working. I try my hardest to follow my passions by traveling and experiencing as much as I can. This requires a lot of hard work, as I only allow myself free time if I am successful in school and work. In addition I work full time in order to support this lifestyle and my living expenses.

I believe I have accomplished a lot as a young adult. My accomplishments are a reflection of the American Dream. A combination of ambition, intuition, realistic expectations, and creativity has lead me to where I am now. Although I have not fully obtained my end goal, I am enjoying the journey. I have neither failed nor fully succeeded, but I believe I have a high success rate if I continue on the same path that I have been following. In conclusion, I believe a successful American Dream in today’s society is comprised of the realization of one’s idealistic passions and realistic strategies.

Works Cited

Bell, Whitfield J. The Declaration of Independance: Four 1776 Versions. The American Philosophical Society, 1976.

Bendjelloul, Malik, director. Searching for Sugar Man. Searching for Sugar Man, 2012.

Rodriguez, Sixto. “‘Cause.” Coming from Reality, Sussex Records, 1971.

FD#4

Natalie Weber

English 200 FD#4

1316 Words

2 May 2019

Selflessness

It is easy to get caught up in the fast paced, modern world we live in today. Our environment encourages selfishness as every individual in society focuses on being successful in order to survive and succeed. Although it’s important to overcome one’s own struggles and focus on personal growth, this creates an overall population of individuals who are solely concerned about themselves. As a result, there is a great lack of concern for one’s community. Many are so worried about their own well being that the well being of their surroundings and others goes unnoticed. The opposite of this is to be selfless. Selflessness is defined as the concern more with the needs and wishes of others than with one’s own. To be truly selfless is a rare and admirable quality, especially in the modern world. Many things can be learned from those who have dedicated their lives to others. Through selfless actions they have not only improved the meaning of their own lives, but also the lives of many others. The world greatly benefits from the impact of selfless individuals and it is in our best interest to practice this endearing trait. [THESIS] Selflessness is one of the most important human qualities and is a vital attribute to the improvement of society. [THESIS]

One such selfless individual is Mary Teresa Bojaxhiu, popularly known as Mother Teresa. Regarded as one of the twentieth century’s greatest humanitarians, Mother Teresa dedicated her life to helping the sick and poor. She began her journey as a teacher in India, where she says she experienced her first calling. In 1946 her order opened a hospice, established centers for the disabled, and founded a leper colony. This inspired her to complete various levels of medical training in order to travel outside of her convent to aid the less fortunate. She began an open-air school and established a home for the dying. In October 1950, she gained canonical recognition for a new congregation, the Missionaries of Charity, which she founded in order to aid her charitable cause. As the ranks of her congregation swelled and her influence spread across the globe, the scope of Mother Teresa’s charitable activities expanded exponentially. Over the course of the 1950s and 1960s, she established a leper colony, an orphanage, a nursing home, a family clinic and a string of mobile health clinics.

In 1971, Mother Teresa traveled to New York City to open her first American-based house of charity. In 1979 she was recognized by the Norwegian Nobel Committee and awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in honor of her charitable efforts. She continued these practices into her final years, travelling to Lebanon in the summer of 1982 where she crossed between Christian East Beirut and Muslim West Beirut to aid children of both faiths. In 1985, Mother Teresa returned to New York and spoke at the 40th anniversary of the United Nations General Assembly. While there, she also opened Gift of Love, a home to care for those infected with HIV/AIDS.

On September 4th, 2016 Mother Teresa was canonized as a saint in the Roman Catholic church. On the nineteenth anniversary of her passing, the Vatican honored her decades of humanitarian and charity work as tens of thousands of Catholics and pilgrims celebrated her hard work and dedication. Mother Teresa was the true definition of selflessness in all aspects of her life, making herself available for everyone through her defense of human life. Mother Teresa said, “By blood, I am Albanian. By citizenship, an Indian. By faith, I am a Catholic nun. As to my calling, I belong to the world. As to my heart, I belong entirely to the Heart of Jesus.”

Image result for mother teresa biography — Mother Theresa

Another example of selflessness is a mother’s love. My mother is an individual who I greatly admire for her embodiment of selflessness. I wish that at a young age I would have been able to grasp how much she sacrificed for me. Although she continued to work and go to graduate school, she put off multiple opportunities and career advancements in order to ensure that she could spend quality time with me throughout early childhood. She sacrificed many day-to-day luxuries such as sleep, free time, and self rewarding decisions to ensure that we would have a close relationship and a rewarding adolescent experience. Although I am now adult, she constantly makes sure I am benefiting from my life decisions and is continuously concerned with my well being.

I believe she went above and beyond to ensure that I would have a beneficial childhood. To this day, she continues to embody selflessness. She continues do the same every day for my younger siblings. Her demonstration of continued selflessness is best exemplified by her relationship with my youngest brother. He has struggled with many behavioral issues and mental illnesses throughout his young life. My brother has been diagnosed with anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder (O.C.D.), attention-deficit disorder (A.D.D.) and shows signs of autism. He has faced many challenges throughout his elementary schooling period and will continue to face obstacles as he develops. These are not illnesses that can easily be cured by medicines. Many of the medical treatments that are provided alter other aspects of an individual’s behavior, such as energy level and emotional health.

Despite these obstacles, my mother has not given up. A physician herself, she has a great understanding of the medical world and has dedicated countless hours to studying and expanding her resources regarding his medical conditions. She continues to seek new ways to improve his conditions without harming other aspects of his life. It would be easy for a parent to simply give their child what is popularly subscribed, but this may not improve a child’s conditions in the long run. My mother understands this. She tirelessly works full time, takes care of her other three other kids, and continuously makes sure that my youngest brother is thriving in his environment. She does not do this out of self interest, but out of love for her children.

My mother has taught me everything I know, including love, kindness, faith in humanity, and selflessness. I try to practice these characteristics everyday, the most important of which I consider to be selflessness. I believe incorporating small selfless actions into a daily routine can greatly benefit a person’s quality of life and the lives of others. Some selfless acts I enjoy putting in to practice include picking up trash, holding the door open for someone, donating to charities, and helping others in whatever feasible ways that I can.

I believe if everyone made an effort to be a little selfless and practice selfless acts, the world would be a significantly better place. I hope we can all be inspired by individuals who embody selflessness and use them as an example to put this admirable trait into practice.

RD#4

Natalie Weber

#RD4

English 200

29 April 2019

1,020 Words

Selflessness

It’s easy to get caught up in the fast paced, selfish world we live in today. Although it is important to overcome one’s own struggles and focus on personal growth, this creates an overall environment where individuals are solely concerned about themselves. This leads to a lack of concern for one’s surroundings and community. Many are so worried about their own well being that the well being of their environment and others goes unnoticed. To be truly selfless is a rare quality in the modern world. Many things can be learned from those who have dedicated their lives to others. Through selfless actions they have not only improved the meaning of their own lives, but also the lives of many others. Selflessness is defined as the concern more with the needs and wishes of others than with one’s own. I believe selflessness is one of the most important human quality and is a vital attribute to the improvement of society. [THESIS] The world greatly benefits from the impact of selfless individuals and it is in our best interest to practice this endearing trait. [THESIS]

One such individual is Mary Teresa Bojaxhiu, popularly known as Mother Teresa. Regarded as one of the twentieth century’s greatest humanitarians, Mother Teresa dedicated her life to helping the sick and poor. She began her journey as a teacher in India, where she says she experienced her first calling. In 1946 her order opened a hospice, established centers for the disabled, and founded a leper colony. She completed various levels of medical training in order to travel outside of her convent to aid the less fortunate. She began an open-air school and established a home for the dying in a building she convinced the city government to donate to her cause. In October 1950, she won canonical recognition for a new congregation, the Missionaries of Charity, which she founded in order to aid her cause for charity. As the ranks of her congregation swelled and donations poured in from across the globe, the scope of Mother Teresa’s charitable activities expanded exponentially. Over the course of the 1950s and 1960s, she established a leper colony, an orphanage, a nursing home, a family clinic and a string of mobile health clinics.

Since her death, Mother Teresa has remained in the public spotlight as one of the greatest humanitarians of the 20th century. She combined profound empathy and a fervent commitment to her cause with incredible organizational and managerial skills that allowed her to develop a vast and effective international organization of missionaries to help impoverished citizens all across the globe. On September 4th, 2016 Mother Teresa was canonized as a saint in the Roman Catholic church. On the nineteenth anniversary of her passing, the Vatican honored her decades of humanitarian and charity work as tens of thousands of Catholics and pilgrims celebrated her hard work and dedication. Mother Teresa was the true definition of selflessness in all aspects of her life, making herself available for everyone through her defense of human life. Mother Teresa said, “By blood, I am Albanian. By citizenship, an Indian. By faith, I am a Catholic nun. As to my calling, I belong to the world. As to my heart, I belong entirely to the Heart of Jesus.”

Another example of selflessness is a mother’s love. My mother is an individual who I greatly admire for her acts of selflessness. I believe she went above and beyond to ensure that I would have a beneficial childhood and continues to do so every day for my younger siblings. Although I am now adult, she constantly makes sure I am benefiting from my life decisions and is continuously concerned with my well being.

I wish that at a young age I would have been able to grasp how much she sacrificed for me. Although she continued to work and go to graduate school, she put off multiple opportunities and career advancements in order to ensure that she could spend quality time with me throughout early childhood.

I try to practice selflessness everyday. I believe incorporating small selfless actions into a daily routine can greatly benefit a person’s quality of life and the lives of others. Some selfless acts I enjoy putting in to practice include picking up trash, holding the door open for someone, donating to charities, and helping others in whatever ways that I can. I believe if everyone made an effort to be a little selfless and practice selfless acts, the world would be a significantly better place. I hope we can all be inspired by individuals who embody selflessness and use them as an example to put this admirable trait into practice.

FD#3

Natalie Weber

15 April 2019

FD 3

Word Count: 1101

Kneeling to Take a Stand

Racism has existed in the United States since European colonization. This is ironic for a country that was built off of the pledge of “liberty and justice for all.” Although the United States has seen progress in diminishing racism throughout the decades, the country continues to experience several set backs. It is currently 2019 and people of color are continuously being oppressed by the very same government that advocates freedom and unity. Many American citizens are oblivious to the blatant racism that still exists, while others choose to ignore it, and even others support such inhumane treatment of their fellow citizens. Luckily, there are a few individuals who work to end racism and the opression faced by its victims. One such brave individual is former San Francisco 49ers former quarterback Collin Kaepernick, who on September 1st, 2016, decided to kneel in front of hundreds of people during the national anthem. Many saw this as an act of disrespect to the American flag and the military that it represents. They are missing the bigger picture. [THESIS] Kaepernick is a hero because he was kneeling in protest against the oppression and mistreatment of millions and the skewed values the American flag has come to represent, not as a sign of disrespect to the military, but as a sign of disrespect to the inhumanity. [THESIS]

Kaepernick continued to take a knee during the National Anthem before each game of the 2016 NFL season. This kneel did not go ignored and caused an influx of controversy and commentary throughout the season. Many questioned Kaepernicks actions and some were even furious, claiming that Kaepernick’s expressed freedoms were un-American. Meanwhile, others were inspired by his actions. Many saw his kneeling as a sign of bravery and became inspired. His movement stirred protests and outcries among the minorities of America and those who support the end of their oppression. According to Merriam-Webster, a hero is defined as one who shows great courage.

Kaepernick continued to advocate against oppression even off the field. Kaepernick stated that he would not “stand up to show pride in a flag for a country that oppresses black people and people of color,” (Wyche). To him, “this is bigger than football and it would be selfish on [his] part to look the other way. There are bodies in the street and people getting paid leave and getting away with murder,” (Wyche).

Although Kaepernicks actions and beliefs were justified and examples of peaceful protests, they caused a lot of controversy. Many Americans were upset at his actions, especially the act of kneeling during the anthem. This kneel was taken out of context and became one of the most trending topics of 2016. Kaepernick’s peaceful protest against racism became a battle between Black Lives Matter movements and the military. Many veterans, military, and their families took the kneel as a sign of disrespect to their services. They believed the flag solely represented the American militia and saw Kaepernick’s kneel as a testament against those who had served our country. Many of the arguments from military personnel and families against Kaepernick contain the ad homniem fallacy. Ad homniem is an argument mechanism that attacks an individual, rather than the argument they are presenting. In a CNN interview, a mother of a fallen soldier was very upset at Kaepernick’s chosen method of protest. She told CNN interviewer Jake Tapper, “(My son) died protecting the ideals of the flag you (Kaepernick) refuse to respect,” (Clench). She continued her personal attack on Kaepernick with name calling and personal attacks on Kaerpernick. “He died so that ungrateful, privileged, arrogant men like you can be just that — ungrateful, privileged and arrogant,” she continued about Kaepernick (Clench). This is one of many cases where the argument of racism and equality in America was ignored and Kaepernick’s peaceful protest was manipulated to taint his reputation. A team executive went as far as to say “He has no respect for our country, F— that guy,” (Flood).

Despite the manipulated stories and accusations of Kaepernick’s actions taken out of context, it is easy to analyze Kaepernick’s actions and recognize them for what they truly are. Kaepernick decided to take a brave stand against oppression using a method of peaceful protest. He was luckily able to use the NFL, a platform that attracts millions of viewers to spread his message. Kaepernick simply took a knee when it came time to stand for the National Anthem. Those who are offended by his actions can make claims and personally attack Kaepernick, but it is clearly evident on live television that this kneel was not performed in order to harm personally harm or offend anybody. Kneeling during such a publicized event was Kaepernick’s way of shedding light on the blatant issue of modern racism and oppression.

Another argument claimed that although what Kaepernick was protesting was justified, Kaepernick protested at the wrong time and place. Many suggested that Kaepernick could have gotten the same message across via social media outreach or publicity stunts. However, it can also be argued that various stories regarding acts of racism and oppression are already often shared and circulated via social media platforms and the news. Despite this fact, many individuals choose to ignore the videos and stories. Ignorance is an easy scroll or click away. I believe Kaepernick knew this when he chose to perform his protest on national television. Although his kneel was a respectful, quiet stand against oppression, it stood out enough due to its platform and was able to engage millions. Kaepernick started a conversation, and whether those engaged in the conversation were against or for his actions, at least they were talking.

Kaepernick is a hero because he was brave enough to express his beliefs so publicly. In doing so he was able to engage millions of people and start a movement across the nation. Kaepernick fearlessly risked his career and reputation in order to bring an end to unjust racism and oppression and unite communities. “Racism and power imbalance is an issue and it is very heroic to bring up this topic in a grand scale since it widens the audience, having more people be exposed to it,” (Catbagan). By taking the knee, Kaepernick was able to make a stand against what divides our country and he is a hero for doing so.

Works Cited

Catbagan, Jovelyn Joyce. “Discussion 2: Is Edward Snowden (or Colin Kaepernick) a hero or a traitor?” Laulima Discussion, University of Hawaii. 15 March 2019. 22 March 2019.

Clench, Sam. “Colin Kaepernick’s National Anthem Protests Are Hurting His Own Cause.” News.com.au, 13 Sep. 2016. Web. 11 Jan. 2017.

Flood, Brian. “NFL Executive on ‘Traitor’ Colin Kaepernick: ‘I Don’t Want Him Anywhere Near My Team.’” TheWrap.com, 31 Aug. 2016. Web. 11 Jan. 2017.

Sitzes, Hannah. “Discussion 3: What is the underlying issue in the Edward Snowden (or Colin Kaepernick) case?” Laulima Discussion, University of Hawai’i, 15 March 2019. 22 March 2019.

Wyche, Steve.”Colin Kaepernick Explains Why He Sat During National Anthem.” NFL.com, 27 Aug. 2016. Web. 11 Jan. 2017.

RD#3

Natalie Weber

1 April 2019

RD 3

Word Count: 1101

Kneeling to Take a Stand

Racism has existed in the United States since European colonization. This is ironic for a country that was built off of the pledge of “liberty and justice for all.” Throughout the decades the United States has seen progress in diminishing racism, however the country continues to experience several set backs. It is currently 2019 and people of color are continuously oppressed by the very same government that advocates freedom and unity. Many American citizens are oblivious to the blatant racism that still exists, while others choose to ignore it, and even others support such inhumane treatment of their fellow citizens. Luckily, there are a few individuals who work to end racism and the opression faced by its victims. One such brave individual is former San Francisco 49ers former quarterback Collin Kaepernick, who on September 1st, 2016, decided to kneel in front of hundreds of people during the national anthem. Many saw this as an act of disrespect to the American flag and the military that it represents. They are missing the bigger picture. [THESIS] Kaepernick is a hero because he was kneeling in protest against the oppression and mistreatment of millions and the skewed values the American flag has come to represent, not as a sign of disrespect to the military, but as a sign of disrespect to the inhumanity. [THESIS]

Works Cited

Catbagan, Jovelyn Joyce. “Discussion 2: Is Edward Snowden (or Colin Kaepernick) a hero or a traitor?” Laulima Discussion, University of Hawaii. 15 March 2019. 22 March 2019.

Clench, Sam. “Colin Kaepernick’s National Anthem Protests Are Hurting His Own Cause.” News.com.au, 13 Sep. 2016. Web. 11 Jan. 2017.

Flood, Brian. “NFL Executive on ‘Traitor’ Colin Kaepernick: ‘I Don’t Want Him Anywhere Near My Team.’” TheWrap.com, 31 Aug. 2016. Web. 11 Jan. 2017.

Sitzes, Hannah. “Discussion 3: What is the underlying issue in the Edward Snowden (or Colin Kaepernick) case?” Laulima Discussion, University of Hawai’i, 15 March 2019. 22 March 2019.
Wyche, Steve.”Colin Kaepernick Explains Why He Sat During National Anthem.” NFL.com, 27 Aug. 2016. Web. 11 Jan. 2017.

RFD2

Natalie Weber

8 March 2019

FD2

1288 Words

Biomimicry in Cancer Research

Biomimicry is the modeling and application of natural processes in order to help advance the modern world. “Nature is arguably the best teacher for solving some of the world’s major problems because nature can be applied to many things. Nature is always evolving and we can get many solutions by mimicking it,” (Unno, Yukiko). In 2013 Jeffrey Karp, a biomedical engineer at the University of Massachusetts, published innovative research regarding an advancement in biomimicry. Karp successfully developed a microchip that uses tiny strands of DNA to grab hold of tumor cells roaming in the bloodstream. This microchip was inspired by jellyfish which possess the ability to extend their long tentacles to reach for food. The microchip models jellyfish using strands of DNA to capture tumor cells, counting and sorting them in order to determine how well chemotherapy and/or cancer treatments are working. Medical professionals are then able to determine how resistant the tumor is or whether it is expected to appear elsewhere in the body. This jellyfish-inspired microchip is one of the multitude of successful advancements in cancer research due to biomimicry. A study was recently published discussing the evolution of a “zombie gene” known as LIF6 (Leukemia Inhibitory Factor) in elephants. This gene makes elephants almost completely immune to cancer. [THESIS] It is entirely possible that the recreation of this cell using biomimicry could successfully providing a cure for cancer. [THESIS]

Cancer is an aggressive and severe disease in which abnormal cells divide uncontrollably and destroy body tissue. Cancer affects millions of individuals and families worldwide. In 2018 there were nearly two million new cases of cancer diagnosis and over six hundred thousand cancer deaths in the US alone (American Cancer Society, 2018). I have lost various family members to the disease and believe my family, along with millions of others, would love nothing more than to hear that a cure has been developed for this unpredictable and devastating disease. Biomimicry is leading frontier in cancer research and could be the key to developing effective cancer treatments.

My paternal grandfather suffered from cancer twice in his lifetime, the latter of which was terminal. “Papa,” as I referred to him, was one of the most healthy and intelligent individuals I’ve ever known. He was a fitness fanatic who consistently ate healthy and exercised vigorously even throughout old age and cancer diagnosis. It came as a surprise that someone as healthy as him could have been susceptible to such a horrible disease. After his first seemingly successful recovery from cancer he began to devote the majority of his life to researching published cancer studies and developing “anti-cancer” habits. You would think that an already healthy individual who actively attempted to combat a disease would be successful in reducing their chances of encountering it a second time. However, this was devastatingly not the outcome of my Papa’s hard work and self care. Although many types of cancer treatments have been developed in modern medicine, such as surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy, there is no established, absolute cure. In 2012, my papa’s battle against cancer and chemotherapy came to an end. The tumorous cells had spread throughout his body and targeted vital organs.

Most diseases can be blamed on factors such as poor health, infections, or environment and cured by healthy habits and medicine. Cancer, on the other hand, is not so easily predicted, combated or cured. It remains a mystery as to why such a disease would occurs in even the healthiest, or youngest, or conscious individuals. No matter how seemingly healthy or unsusceptible an individual may seem they are still at risk of developing tumors and being diagnosed with cancer. Unlike other diseases, cancer is a mutation of genes that can not be stopped with a healthy lifestyle or antibiotics. In addition, large-bodied organisms are more susceptible to gene mutations and tumors due to the increased amounts of cells that could potentially turn cancerous, imposing an increased risk of developing cancer.

On August 14 2018, “Cell Reports,” published an article regarding cancer free elephants, an extremely large-bodied species that has contradicted the theory of increased size resulting in increased cancer risk. It was discovered that elephants contain a gene known as LIF6. LIF6 is one of the many forms of the non-functioning LIF gene present in nature. Further research regarding the species’ seemingly immunity to cancer revealed that elephants carry many non-functioning copies of the LIF gene and have evolved to effectively activate one of these copies, LIF6, in order to combat tumorous cells. LIF6 acts in response to DNA damage and translocates to the mitochondria where it induces apoptosis, a biological process involving the death of cells as a controlled part of an organism’s internal functions. As a result, elephants get cancer far less than expected considering their size and its damaging effect on their cells.

Biomimicry and continued research of this gene could lead to a successful replication. “You could look at nature as being like a catalog of products, and all of those have benefited from a 3.8-billion-year research and development period. And given that level of investment, it makes sense to use it,” (Pawlyn, “Using Nature’s Genius in Architecture.”) If nature can successfully combat cancer, biomimicry would allow for the same success rate in humans. Medical professionals would be able to introduce LIF6 into humans via a process similar to vaccination. Vaccination is the administration of antigenic material to stimulate a human’s immune system to develop adaptive immunity to a pathogen. Vaccines can prevent or ameliorate infectious disease. Similarly, the introduction of LIF6 to a human immune system would allow the human immune system to recognize cancerous mutations and DNA damage and utilize LIF6. Successful biomimicry of LIF6 would allow it to activate in the human immune system and respond to DNA damage in human the same way it does in elephants; by translocating to the mitochondria of cancerous cells and inducing apoptosis.

The search for a cure to cancer may seem very daunting and unlikely to the oblivious reader, but due to biomimicry and medical advancements it is more possible than it seems. “If I could reveal anything that is hidden from us, at least in modern cultures, it would be to reveal something that we’ve forgotten, that we used to know as well as we knew our own names. And that is that we live in a competent universe, that we are part of a brilliant planet, and that we are surrounded by genius. Biomimicry is a new discipline that tries to learn from those geniuses, and take advice from them, design advice,” (Benyus, “Biomimicry in Action.”) Due to the natural world’s genius and modern advancements in technology, scientists in modern medicine have successfully created vaccines and scientists who practice biomimicry have successfully imitated natural processes. If they were to apply biomimicry principles to vaccines, the result would be the successful recreation of the LIF6 gene as a vaccine that combats cell mutations and DNA damage could be the cure to cancer. Nature has provided us with a potential solution and it is in our best interest to implement biomimicry and modern technology to defy cancer. “Even though nature has the potential to be a great resource, the power of its teaching only goes so far. In order for significant solutions to be created and implemented, humans have to be willing to learn from nature,” (Miller, Courtney). If a mammal three times the size of the average human is able to defy the odds of cancer susceptibility, it is entirely possible that humans can too through the application of biomimicry.

Works Cited

Benyus, Janine. “Biomimicry in Action.” TED, TEDGlobal, July 2009, http://www.ted.com/talks/janine_benyus_biomimicry_in_action?language=en.

“Cancer Facts & Figures 2018.” American Cancer Society, 2018, http://www.cancer.org/research/cancer-facts-statistics/all-cancer-facts-figures/cancer-facts-figures-2018.html

“Discovery News: Jellyfish-Inspired Tentacles Capture Cancer.” The Karp Lab, The Karp Lab, 3 Jan. 2013, http://www.karplab.net/news/discovery-news-jellyfish-inspired-tentacles-capture-cancer.html

Miller, Courtney. “Paper 2 Discussion 1 2/15” Laulima Discussion, Kapiolani Community College, 12 February 2019. Web. 6 March 2019.

Pappas, Stephanie. “How Do Vaccines Work?” LiveScience, Purch, 1 June 2010, http://www.livescience.com/32617-how-do-vaccines-work.html.

Pawlyn, Michael. “Using Nature’s Genius in Architecture.” TED, TEDSalon London, Nov. 2010, http://www.ted.com/talks/michael_pawlyn_using_nature_s_genius_in_architecture.

Vazquez, Juan Manual. “A Zombie LIF Gene in Elephants Is Upregulated by TP53 to Induce Apoptosis in Response to DNA Damage.” Cell Reports, Cell Reports, 14 Aug. 2018, http://www.cell.com/cell-reports/fulltext/S2211-1247(18)31145-8.

Unno, Yukiko. “Paper 2 Discussion 1 2/15” Laulima Discussion, Kapiolani Community College, 12 February 2019. Web. 6 March 2019.

FD2

Natalie Weber

8 March 2019

FD2

1288 Words

Biomimicry in Cancer Research

Biomimicry is the modeling and application of natural processes in order to help advance the modern world. “Nature is arguably the best teacher for solving some of the world’s major problems because nature can be applied to many things. Nature is always evolving and we can get many solutions by mimicking it,” (Unno, Yukiko). In 2013 Jeffrey Karp, a biomedical engineer at the University of Massachusetts, published innovative research regarding an advancement in biomimicry. Karp successfully developed a microchip that uses tiny strands of DNA to grab hold of tumor cells roaming in the bloodstream. This microchip was inspired by jellyfish which possess the ability to extend their long tentacles to reach for food. The microchip models jellyfish using strands of DNA to capture tumor cells, counting and sorting them in order to determine how well chemotherapy and/or cancer treatments are working. Medical professionals are then able to determine how resistant the tumor is or whether it is expected to appear elsewhere in the body. This jellyfish-inspired microchip is one of the multitude of successful advancements in cancer research due to biomimicry. A study was recently published discussing the evolution of a “zombie gene” known as LIF6 (Leukemia Inhibitory Factor) in elephants. This gene makes elephants almost completely immune to cancer. Although LIF6 and the research surrounding it is relatively new, it is entirely possible that the recreation of this cell using biomimicry could be as successful as the jellyfish-inspired microchip, providing a cure for cancer.

Cancer is an aggressive and severe disease in which abnormal cells divide uncontrollably and destroy body tissue. Cancer affects millions of individuals and families worldwide. In 2018 there were nearly two million new cases of cancer diagnosis and over six hundred thousand cancer deaths in the US alone (American Cancer Society, 2018). Personally, I have lost various family members to the disease and believe my family, along with millions of others, would love nothing more than to hear that a cure has been developed for this unpredictable, unanticipated, unfair, and devastating disease. Biomimicry could very likely be the leading frontier in cancer research and developing effective cancer treatments.

My paternal grandfather suffered from cancer twice in his lifetime, the latter of which was terminal. “Papa,” as I referred to him, was one of the most healthy, strong, and intelligent individuals I’ve ever known. He had always been a fitness fanatic, consistently eating healthy and exercising vigorously even throughout old age and cancer diagnosis. It came as a surprise that someone as healthy as him could have been susceptible to such a horrible disease. After his first encounter and seemingly successful recovery from cancer, he began to devote the majority of his life to researching published cancer studies and developing “anti-cancer” habits. You would think that an already healthy individual who actively attempted to combat a disease would be successful in reducing their chances of encountering it a second time. However, this was devastatingly not the outcome of my Papa’s hard work and self care. Although many types of cancer treatments have been developed in modern medicine, such as surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy, there is no established, absolute cure. In 2012, my papa’s battle against cancer and chemotherapy came to an end. The tumorous cells had spread throughout his body and targeted vital organs.

Most diseases can be blamed on factors such as poor health, infections, or environment and cured by healthy habits and vaccines. Cancer, on the other hand, is not so easily predicted, combated or cured. It remains a mystery as to why such a disease would occurs in even the healthiest, or youngest, or conscious individuals. No matter how seemingly healthy or unsusceptible an individual may seem, they are still at risk of developing tumors and being diagnosed with cancer. Unlike other diseases, cancer is a mutation of genes that can not be stopped with a healthy lifestyle or antibiotics. In addition, large-bodied organisms are more susceptible to gene mutations and tumors due to the increased amounts of cells that could potentially turn cancerous, imposing an increased risk of developing cancer.

However, on August 14 2018, “Cell Reports,” published an article regarding cancer free elephants, an extremely large-bodied species that has contradicted the theory of increased size resulting in increased cancer risk. It was discovered that elephants contain a gene known as LIF6. LIF6 is one of the many forms of the non-functioning LIF gene present in nature. Further research regarding the species’ seemingly immunity to cancer revealed that elephants carry many non-functioning copies of the LIF gene and have evolved to effectively activate one of these copies, LIF6, in order to combat tumorous cells. LIF6 acts in response to DNA damage and translocates to the mitochondria where it induces apoptosis, a biological process involving the death of cells as a controlled part of an organism’s internal functions. As a result, elephants get cancer far less than expected considering their size and its damaging effect on their cells.

Works Cited

Benyus, Janine. “Biomimicry in Action.” TED, TEDGlobal, July 2009, http://www.ted.com/talks/janine_benyus_biomimicry_in_action?language=en.

“Cancer Facts & Figures 2018.” American Cancer Society, 2018, http://www.cancer.org/research/cancer-facts-statistics/all-cancer-facts-figures/cancer-facts-figures-2018.html

Miller, Courtney. “Paper 2 Discussion 1 2/15” Laulima Discussion, Kapiolani Community College, 12 February 2019. Web. 6 March 2019.

Pappas, Stephanie. “How Do Vaccines Work?” LiveScience, Purch, 1 June 2010, http://www.livescience.com/32617-how-do-vaccines-work.html.

Pawlyn, Michael. “Using Nature’s Genius in Architecture.” TED, TEDSalon London, Nov. 2010, http://www.ted.com/talks/michael_pawlyn_using_nature_s_genius_in_architecture.

Unno, Yukiko. “Paper 2 Discussion 1 2/15” Laulima Discussion, Kapiolani Community College, 12 February 2019. Web. 6 March 2019.

#RD2

Natalie Weber

25 February 2019

RD2

883 Words

Biomimicry in Cancer Research

Biomimicry is the application of modeling and applying natural processes in order to help advance the modern world. In 2013 Jeffrey Karp, a biomedical engineer at the University of Massachusetts, published innovative research regarding an advancement in biomimicry; the imitation of jellyfish tentacles to sort and capture cancer cells. Karp, along with a group of MIT researchers, successfully developed a microchip that uses tiny strands of DNA to grab hold of tumor cells roaming in the bloodstream. This microchip was inspired by jellyfish which possess the ability to extend their long tentacles to reach for food. The microchip models jellyfish using strands of DNA to capture tumor cells, counting and sorting them in order to determine how well chemotherapy and/or cancer treatments are working. Medical professionals are then able to determine how resistant the tumor is or whether it is expected to appear elsewhere in the body. This jellyfish-inspired microchip is one of the multitude of advancements in cancer research due to biomimicry. A study was recently published discussing the evolution of a “zombie gene” known as LIF6 (Leukemia Inhibitory Factor) in elephants that makes them almost completely immune to cancer. Although LIF6 and the research surrounding it is relatively new, it is entirely possible that the recreation of this cell using biomimicry could be as successful as the jellyfish-inspired microchip, providing a cure for cancer.

Cancer is an aggressive and severe disease in which abnormal cells divide uncontrollably and destroy body tissue. Cancer affects millions of individuals and families worldwide. In 2018 there were nearly two million new cases of cancer diagnosis and over six hundred thousand cancer deaths in the US alone (American Cancer Society, 2018). Personally, I have lost various family members to the disease and believe my family, along with millions of others, would love nothing more than to hear that a cure has been developed for this unpredictable, unanticipated, unfair, and devastating disease. .

My paternal grandfather suffered from cancer twice in his lifetime, the latter of which was terminal. “Papa,” as I referred to him, was one of the most healthy, strong, and intelligent individuals I’ve ever known. He had always been a fitness fanatic, consistently eating healthy and exercising vigorously even throughout old age and cancer diagnosis. It came as a surprise that someone as healthy as him could have been susceptible to such a horrible disease. After his first encounter and seemingly successful recovery from cancer, he began to devote the majority of his life to researching published cancer studies and developing “anti-cancer” habits. You would think that an already healthy individual who actively attempted to combat a disease would reduce their chances of encountering it a second time. However, this was devastatingly not the outcome of my papa’s hard work and self care.

Although many types of cancer treatments have been developed in modern medicine, such as surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy, there is no established, absolute cure. In 2012, my papa’s battle against cancer and chemotherapy came to an end. The tumorous cells had spread throughout his body and targeted vital organs. While most diseases can be blamed on factors such as poor health, infections, or environment, it remains a mystery as to why such a disease would occur in such a proactive, healthy individual.

It is evident that no matter how seemingly healthy or unsusceptible an individual may seem, they are still at risk of encountering cancer. Unlike other diseases, cancer is simply a mutation of genes that can not be stopped with a healthy lifestyle or antibiotics. Large-bodied organisms have more cells that can potentially turn cancerous than small-bodied organisms, imposing an increased risk of developing cancer. However, on August 14 2018, “Cell Reports,” published an article regarding the discovery of LIF6 in elephants. LIF6 is one of the many forms of the non-functioning LIF genes present in nature. It has been observed that elephants get cancer far less than expected considering their size and its damaging effect on their cells. Further research regarding the species’ seemingly immunity to cancer revealed that elephants carry many non-functioning copies of the LIF gene, but have evolved to effectively activate one of these copies, LIF6, in order to combat tumorous cells. LIF6 acts in response to DNA damage and translocates to the mitochondria where it induces apoptosis, a biological process involving the death of cells as a controlled part of an organism’s internal functions.

Continued research of this gene could lead to a successful replication. Medical professionals would then be able to introduce LIF6 into humans via a process similar to vaccination. Vaccination is the administration of antigenic material to stimulate a human’s immune system to develop adaptive immunity to a pathogen. Vaccines can prevent or ameliorate infectious disease. Similarly, the introduction of LIF6 to a human immune system could result in cancer immunity. Successful biomimicry of LIF6 would allow it to activate in the human immune system and respond to DNA damage in human the same way it does in elephants; by translocating to the mitochondria of cancerous cells and inducing apoptosis.

Works Cited

https://www.cell.com/cell-reports/fulltext/S2211-1247(18)31145-8

http://www.karplab.net/news/discovery-news-jellyfish-inspired-tentacles-capture-cancer.html

https://www.livescience.com/32617-how-do-vaccines-work.html

https://www.cancer.org/research/cancer-facts-statistics/all-cancer-facts-figures/cancer-facts-figures-2018.html

FD#1

Natalie Weber

8 February 2019

FD1

1465 Words

Uniting Theories of Beauty

Beauty; defined as “. . .the quality or aggregate of qualities in a person or thing that gives pleasure to the senses or pleasurably exalts the mind or spirit,” by the Merriam Webster Dictionary, is an innate characteristic that rules a surprising majority of our everyday lives. One would assume that such a characteristic would be universally understood and regarded along the same principles. Although the dictionary provides a general definition for the term, “beauty,” is an entirely subjective topic that philosophers, scientists, poets, authors, and various individuals of all walks of life have puzzled over for centuries. After researching many professional perspectives on the definition of beauty, I have come to the consensus that it is a reflection of two qualities. [THESIS] What we perceive as beautiful is a combination of our inherent, instinctual attraction to the aesthetically pleasing qualities of life due to natural selection and the influence our environment has on what we consider to be beautiful. [THESIS]

In “A Darwinian Theory of Beauty,” Denis Dutton addresses the Darwinian Theory of Beauty, revealing the cause behind our innate attraction to aesthetics. Dutton states that “. . . the experience of beauty, with its emotional intensity and pleasure, belongs to our evolved human psychology. The experience of beauty is one component in a whole series of Darwinian adaptations. Beauty is an adaptive effect, which we extend and intensify in the creation and enjoyment of works of art and entertainment.” For example; acts of pleasure, which are performed based on the law of attraction and regarded as beautiful, can be traced back to primary instincts. Natural selection explains this attraction to pleasures, such sexual attraction, our liking for certain foods, entertainment, and our interest in aesthetically pleasing landscapes and art forms. According to the Darwinian Theory of Beauty, “. . . the experience of beauty is one of the ways that evolution has of arousing and sustaining interest or fascination, even obsession, in order to encourage us toward making the most adaptive decisions for survival and reproduction.” This pleasure in simply looking at an object or landscape or person, of simply tasting delicious food, or hearing a pleasing melody is the result of nature conditioning us to evolve via our attraction to aesthetically beneficial aspects in our environment.

“I never considered that beauty was part of our biology from our ancestors to help them survive. The excerpt that really stood out to me was when Dutton was explaining why we enjoy scenery that includes rolling fields, paths, and water or shorelines. It was to help our ancestors know where to find an abundance of food to hunt and a water source. I always just thought I really like natural scenery, but never thought of it due to our ancestors need for survival,” states Sascha Wada after viewing “A Darwinian Theory of Beauty.” The effects of evolution are surprisingly evident in many aspects of our lives in the modern world. For example, sexual attraction is an everyday occurance and a determining factor in reproduction that coincides with beneficial reproductive qualities. Many characteristics that we find attractive in other individuals stem from evolved biological qualities that benefit reproduction. For example; women who have wide hips, round breasts, shiny hair, healthy skin, and bright eyes are often regarded as beautiful in the modern world. This is no coincidence. All are biological signs that a woman is suitable for reproduction which will result in healthy offspring. Men who are relatively tall, in good physical condition, and display healthy skin, hair and eyes also indicate successful reproduction. Thus, we have been conditioned by natural selection to find pleasure in these “beautiful,” qualities.

However, in opposition to Dutton’s claims, evolution is not the only principle that defines beauty. Our society, culture and surrounding environment condition our perspective of beauty as well. I have had first hand experience witnessing the effects of said influences on what is regarded as “beautiful.” Growing up, my father relocated often for work. As a result, I was raised in many different environments, experienced many different cultures, and was exposed to various societal influences. I have lived in places such as Hawaii, various states in North America, various countries in Europe, and travelled to foreign countries/territories for extended periods of time such as Puerto Rico, Japan and Canada.

This was a challenging experience as a developing female. I felt out of place and slightly judged as what I thought was “beautiful” or popular or attractive in another environment did not apply to the new one I was placed in. Adolescents are some of the harshest critics, and I was often made fun of or judged. I often adapted my appearance to fit in with what the norm, or area-specific standard, of beauty was. In Hawaii many women are small in stature, physically fit, have tan skin, dark hair and dark eyes. This is my natural look and so I found it easiest to be confident in my appearance here. However, in many Northern and Eastern areas of the United States, blonde hair, light colored eyes, fair skin and tall physiques are popular and therefore considered beautiful. When I was moving around these areas in middle school I began to bleach my hair, wish that I would grow taller, and spend less time out in the sun. I have also witnessed beauty standards in foreign countries such as Japan, which are completely different from beauty standards in the Western world. Although this repetitive change had a temporary detrimental effect on my developing psyche, I’m also appreciative of the knowledge I gained as a result. Although some physical characteristics of beauty seemed to change according to geographic location and popular culture/society throughout my travels and relocations; many common characteristics prevailed. For example: certain complexions and hair colors were regarded as beautiful as a result of its popularity in certain regions. However the individuals who possessed these traits still shared commonalities with individuals of other regions; such as shiny hair, glowing skin, bright eyes, and healthy physiques.

Through experience I have learned that popularity and peer pressure determines what the subjective individual perceives as beautiful. Simultaneously, the collective opinions on beauty of multiple individuals works to generate the general portrayal of what a society considers to be beautiful. “The second video I watched is titled ‘Looks Aren’t Everything. Believe Me, I’m a Model,’ introduced by Cameron Russell. It was an insight in the sham of beauty, how it is idealized and privileged for the majority of white, tall and “genetically superior” individuals. This was another insight of how there are those who strive to be beautiful, when the media and modeling industry have control over what beautiful is,” reflects Zachary Moore after watching Russell’s Ted Talk. It is evident that society/environment and its individuals are in a constant back-and-forth as the environment influences its individual members and its individual members help formulate the general societal opinion of beauty.

These influences are evident in a region’s artwork, architecture, cuisine, religion and customs. In “Looks Aren’t Everything. Believe Me, I’m a Model,” Cameron Russell states, “I won a genetic lottery, and I am the recipient of a legacy, and maybe you’re wondering what is a legacy. Well, for the past few centuries we have defined beauty not just as health and youth and symmetry that we’re biologically programmed to admire, but also as tall, slender figures, and femininity and white skin. And this is a legacy that was built for me, and it’s a legacy that I’ve been cashing out on.” Russell’s quote is a reflection of both the Darwinian Theory of Beauty and environmental influences on beauty. Russell relates the two through her modeling work, addressing how her genetics helped her flourish in her modeling career. Models are often considered to be the most elite reflection of beauty in a society. They are a physical representation of a society’s beauty standards and our conditioned beauty standards through evolution. Models are a perfect example of how the combination of both environment and evolution work together to influence our perspective of beauty.

In conclusion, both our instinctual attraction to the aesthetically pleasing qualities of life due to natural selection and our environmental influences work simultaneously to define our perception of beauty. Although this perception is subjective amongst individuals, many common themes preside due to our biological makeup and environmental factors. The definition of beauty is not one simple, uniting consensus, but a combination of centuries of evolution and environmental aspects.

Work Cited

Dutton, Denis. Ted, Ted, Feb. 2010, http://www.ted.com/talks/denis_dutton_a_darwinian_theory_of_beauty.

Moore, Zachary. Laulima Discussion #2, “Five Video Talks.”

Russell, Cameron. Ted, Ted, 12 Oct. 2012, http://www.ted.com/talks/cameron_russell_looks_aren_t_everything_believe_me_i_m_a_model/transcript?language=en#t-263760.

Wada, Sascha. Laulima Discussion #2, “Five Video Talks.”

#RD1

Natalie Weber

28 January 2019

RD1

1152 Words

The Definition of Beauty

Beauty; defined as “. . .the quality or aggregate of qualities in a person or thing that gives pleasure to the senses or pleasurably exalts the mind or spirit,” by the Merriam Webster Dictionary, is an innate characteristic that rules a surprising majority of our everyday lives. One would assume that such a characteristic would be universally understood and regarded along the same general principles. Although the dictionary provides a general definition for the term, “beauty,” is an entirely subjective topic that philosophers, scientists, poets, authors, and various individuals of all walks of life have puzzled over for centuries. After researching many professional perspectives on the definition of beauty, I have come to the consensus that it is a reflection of two qualities. [THESIS] What we perceive as beautiful is a combination of our inherent, instinctual attraction to the aesthetically pleasing qualities of life due to natural selection and the influence our culture/society/surroundings has on what we consider to be beautiful. [THESIS]

In “A Darwinian Theory of Beauty,” Denis Dutton addresses the Darwinian Theory of Beauty, revealing the cause behind our innate attraction to aesthetics. Dutton states that “. . . the experience of beauty, with its emotional intensity and pleasure, belongs to our evolved human psychology. The experience of beauty is one component in a whole series of Darwinian adaptations. Beauty is an adaptive effect, which we extend and intensify in the creation and enjoyment of works of art and entertainment.” For example; acts of pleasure, which are performed based on the law of attraction and regarded as beautiful, can be traced back to primary instincts. Natural selection explains this attraction to pleasures, such as our liking for certain foods, sexual attraction, entertainment, and our interest in aesthetically pleasing landscapes and art forms. According to the Darwinian Theory of Beauty, “. . . the experience of beauty is one of the ways that evolution has of arousing and sustaining interest or fascination, even obsession, in order to encourage us toward making the most adaptive decisions for survival and reproduction.” This pleasure in simply looking at an object or landscape or person, of simply tasting delicious food, of simply hearing a melody is the result of nature conditioning us to evolve.

The effects of evolution are surprisingly evident in many aspects of our lives in the modern world. “I never considered that beauty was part of our biology from our ancestors to help them survive. The excerpt that really stood out to me was when Dutton was explaining why we enjoy scenery that includes rolling fields, paths, and water or shorelines. It was to help our ancestors know where to find an abundance of food to hunt and a water source. I always just thought I really like natural scenery, but never thought of it due to our ancestors need for survival,” states Sascha Wada after viewing “A Darwinian Theory of Beauty.” Evidence of evolution in the context of beauty can also be found in reproduction. Sexual attraction is a determining factor in reproduction and generally coincides with beneficial reproductive qualities. Many characteristics that we find attractive in other individuals stem from evolved biological qualities that benefit reproduction. For example; women who have wide hips, round breasts, shiny hair, healthy skin, and bright eyes are often regarded as beautiful in the modern world. This is no coincidence. All are biological signs that a woman is suitable for reproduction which will result in healthy offspring. Men who are relatively tall, in good physical condition, and display healthy skin, hair and eyes also indicate successful reproduction. Thus, we have been conditioned by natural selection to find pleasure in these “beautiful,” qualities.

However, evolution is not the only principle that defines beauty. Our society, culture and surrounding environment condition our perspective of beauty as well. I have had first hand experience witnessing the effects of said influences on what is regarded as “beautiful.” Growing up, my father relocated often for work. As a result, I was raised in many different environments, experienced many different cultures, and was exposed to various societal influences. I have lived in places such as Hawaii, various states in North America, various countries in Europe, and travelled to foreign countries/territories for extended periods of time such as Puerto Rico, Japan and Canada.

This was a challenging experience as a developing female, but I’m also appreciative of the knowledge I gained as a result. I attended several different schools and extracurricular activities throughout these various relocations. Often times I felt out of place and slightly judged as what I thought was “beautiful” or popular or attractive in another society/culture/environment did not apply to the new one I was placed in. Adolescents are some of the harshest critics, and I was often made fun of or judged. I often adapted my appearance to fit in with what the norm, or area-specific standard, of beauty was. In Hawaii many women are small in stature, physically fit, have tan skin, dark hair and dark eyes. This is my natural look and so I found it easiest to be confident in my appearance here. However, in many Northern and Eastern areas of the United States, blonde hair, light colored eyes, fair skin and tall physiques are popular and therefore considered beautiful. When I was moving around these areas in middle school I began to bleach my hair, wish that I would grow taller, and spend less time out in the sun. I have also witnessed beauty standards in foreign countries such as Japan, which are completely different from beauty standards in the Western world.

In addition societal/cultural influences are often evident in a region’s artwork, architecture, cuisine, religion and customs. Despite all these factors, I have come to the realization that every society/culture/environment is related through the Darwinian Theory of Beauty. Although some physical characteristics of beauty seemed to change according to geographic location and popular culture/society throughout my travels and relocations; many common characteristics prevailed. For example: certain complexions and hair colors were regarded as beautiful as a result of its popularity in certain regions. However the individuals who possessed these traits still shared commonalities with individuals of other regions; such as shiny hair, glowing skin, bright eyes, and healthy physiques. Similarly, art from different cultures/societies seems to always be a display of exceptional craftsmanship, no matter how diverse the actual work is. The same goes for architecture and music. And no matter how different the cuisine of every culture is, it is regarded by its people as a pleasure to eat and is therefore part of the Darwinian Theory of Beauty.

In conclusion, both our instinctual attraction to the aesthetically pleasing qualities of life due to natural selection and the societal/cultural/environmental influences work simultaneously to define our perception of beauty. Although this perception is subjective amongst individuals, many common themes preside due to our biological makeup and societal/culture factors.